Д-р Димитър Анакиев, общопрактикуващ лекар и специалист по световно здраве
Д-р Димитър Анакиев, общопрактикуващ лекар и специалист по световно здраве
Dimitar Anakiev, MD, general practitioner and global health specialist
HEALTH OF THE BULGARIAN MINORITY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SURDULICA, SERBIA
1. Introduction
During the Ottoman Empire (1875), the territory of today's municipality of Surdulica belonged to the Bulgarian Exarchate and was inhabited by the Bulgarian population. After the Berlin Congress (1878), it was annexed to Serbia and the population was assimilated in the following decades, but even today they do not speak proper Serbian, even though they declare themselves as Serbs. What is today called the "Bulgarian national minority" in the municipality of Surdulica are the not yet assimilated inhabitants of the Bulgarian Western Outlands , annexed to Serbia in 1920, mostly from the Trnsko region (Trnska Klisura) and then Božica and Topli Dol, a total of about 10,000 people before the war, inhabiting about 650 sq. kilometers along the Bulgarian border. These three villages with numerous hamlets and the entire territory were included after the Second World War to the Bulgarian municipality of Bosilegrad in Serbia , but in 1965, probably for the purpose of faster assimilation, they were separated and included, first to the Serbian municipality of Okruglica and then, in 1967, to the Serbian municipality of Surdulica. Thus, these members of the Bulgarian minority in Serbia became separated from the Bulgarian minority corps, becoming a double minority: both in the state of Serbia and in the municipality of Surdulica, which significantly narrowed their minority rights, for example, there is no bilingualism in this territory. Serbian is the only official language, although Bulgarian is taught in schools. The basic assimilation method of the Serbian authorities, in addition to the administrative one, was the abolition of the economic base of the population, primarily the abolition of agricultural cooperatives, which forced the population to migrate en masse to urban centers in the interior of Serbia.
2. Health care in the municipality of Surdulica
According to the 2002 census, Surdulica is a municipality with 22,190 inhabitants, of which 10,014 live in Surdulica itself, while the population growth is negative -1.19 and has a tendency to increase. Health care in the municipality of Surdulica takes place on three levels: tertiary (sanatorium with 100 +50 beds), secondary (general hospital with 174 beds) and primary (Health center with 4 clinics and 4 health stations within which the HMP service). There is no data on the existence of an institution of preventive medicine.
There are 284 patients per doctor, but more than 35% of the population of the municipality of Surdulica, according to official data, do not have any primary health care, among which is the entire population of the Bulgarian national minority.
Emergency medical care (EMC) on a rugged hilly-mountainous terrain of about 650 square km. which officially has 41 settlements (10 of which are mostly inhabited by the Bulgarian minority) and numerous hamlets (only Klisura has 21 hamlets) has one vehicle that is also used for ambulance transport to remote centers. The EMC medical team consists of two members: a doctor and a nurse, but after 8 pm, the doctor is not in the mobile team. EMC vehicle equipment is scarce: the vehicle lacks oxygen, the Life Pack exists but is either defective or staff do not know how to use it. The HMP team does not even have an ordinary oximeter, and only one bottle of infusion is available (data based on personal insight).
There is not one defibrillartor in the whole municipality.
3. An experience of EMC in the village of Strezimirovci
The village of Strezimirovci has about 200 houses, but in 1920 it was divided by the state border, so that about half remained in Bulgaria, while half with the church and cemetery were annexed to Serbia. An international border crossing was made in the center of the village. It is no coincidence that the depopulation of this Bulgarian village in the last decade, according to the official data of the Statistical Office of Serbia, was eight (8) times faster than the depopulation of the Serbian municipality of Surdulica to which the village belongs.
On May 17, 2020, around 8.30 am, I was invited to see a patient in the village of Strezimirovci. A kilometer and a half between Groznatovci and Strezimirovci, I crossed the road overgrown with thorns in 1.5 hours and came all scratched to an eighty-year-old patient in serious condition; visibly dehydrated due to enterocolitis, vital signs were weak: saturation 87, blood pressure 85 by 50, difficult to breathe, difficult to speak, febrile. We start oral rehydration as much as we can and call the EMC which took 4 hours to arrive (From Surdulica to Strezimirovci is 40 km). In those four hours of waiting, we called many doctors and the president of the municipality (also a doctor) to urge the EMC (Ambulance) to come as soon as possible. The dispatcher does not want to give the phone to the mobile team to connect with them. When the EMC team arrived, consisting of a doctor and a nurse, it turned out that they had nothing from the EMC equipment, they didn't even have an oximeter, they couldn't give oxygen. They have one bottle of infusion, which they install, but they do not have time to wait for it to expire, because they have to drive some patients to Vranje (ambulance taxi). I take off the infusion, I also collect the medical waste (needles, swabs) left on the table ... The next day they came to give the infusion again, but they took the wrong infusion with them, so they had to return...
4. The case of the village of Groznatovci:
The village of Groznatovci is located on the slopes of Mount Vrtop, where the Bulgarian statesman Simo Sokolov was born, but only the foundations of his house remain and there is no sign of him. At the last Bulgarian census, before being anexed to Serbia in 1920, the village had 65 houses with 309 inhabitants. The depopulation of the village in the last decade is 6.5 times faster than the depopulation of the Serbian municipality of Surdulica in which it is located. At the 2011 census, the village had 21 inhabitants. The only cultural facility is a school from 1910, which is neglected and prone to collapse.
The village has four neighborhoods: Selo, Rashini, Vukovi and Rovinari. The villagers are supplied with water from six sources, all catchments are private, without hygienic supervision. One of the catchments is located in the village itself (Rašini neighborhood), so during heavy rains the water becomes muddy and the users then use the water they get in the cans from the neighbors. The largest source of water, on the Vrtop mountain, which belongs tо Groznatovci cadastral, the municipality sold to a tycoon from the neighboring (Serbian) region for a water factory. The same fate befell a source from the Bulgarian village of Topli Dol...
There is no asphalt road to the village and no communal service comes, a phenomenon typical for the whole area of Trnska klisura, waste is thrown into the valleys of rivers and bays, there is no central sewerage, but field toilets or septic tanks are used.
Electricity was brought to the village in 1966, today the main line is three-phase, but all connections are single-phase. Electricity often goes out in bad weather. The village has two cemeteries, one common with the neighboring village of Drainci (mahala Vukovi) and all cemeteries are in three parts: Turkish, from the time of the Ottomans, Bulgarian and Roma. Turkish graves are associated with the excavation of iron ore from surface mines dating back to Roman times (Andaci), while the Roma were temporarily settled in the Rovinari neighborhood and performed blacksmithing.
The administrative village of Groznatovci belongs to the "Klisura area" (Trnska klisura) and is part of the local community Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci. The president of the local community, in several terms, is local Bulgarian, from the village of Strezimirovci, currently a member of the ruling Socialist Party of Serbia in Surdulica, formerly a member of the also ruling Radical Party. In the village of Drainci, there is an informal taxi service that takes villagers to Surdulica and back 2-3 times a week for a small fee (When has enough passengers).
I settled in the village of Groznatovci at the end of 2019 and for the next 14 months I performed voluntarily and without compensation - according to the principles of humanitarian medicine - medical consultations and examinations for the villagers of all three villages of this local community and several times I went to the village of Kostroševci.on the way to the monastery of Palja, which is the main cultural landmark of the Klisura region.
In all three villages of the local community Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci, according to my free estimate, about fifty men, women and children live. They own 3 cows and one calf (all in the village of Drainci), about 20-30 sheep (Drainci and Strezimirovci) and currently, in February, one pig (Groznatovci). There are two shops that also serve as cafes, but only one of them, in Strezimirovci, works every day and offers a wide range of groceries.
In 14 months, in all three villages, I performed 193 medical consultations, of which 168 in the village of Groznatovci, 11 in the village of Drainci and 10 in the village of Strezimirovci (and an additional 4 in Kostroševci). This disproportion is the result of my location: in Groznatovci, most patients are within half a kilometer of the doctor, and most only fifty or 100 meters, while patients from Drainci and Strezimirovci are on average 2-3 kilometers away, which corresponds to the standard of humanitarian medicine. every 1.5 km distance the visit to the doctor decreases by 50%. In most patients, I performed consultations 2-3 times, in one case 9 times, and in one case I performed 44 medical consultations and examinations for members of one of the rare large families.
The following data refer only to Groznatovci, and are representative for the entire local community Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci, and probably for the entire Klisura area.
5. Health condition of people in Groznatovci:
During 2020, in Groznatovci, I performed medical consultations with 13 patients aged 90 to 36: including 5 women and 8 men. Of these, 6 are pensioners (3 women), 6 unemployed persons (2 women) and 1 employed person (migrant worker). Pensions are in most cases 150-100 EUR (in June 2020 the average pension in Serbia was 237 EUR), 5 of the unemployed do not receive social assistance, which is 68 EUR. They make a living from temporary jobs, most are semi-skilled or unskilled workers, the unemployed without social assistance do not have social insurance, the purchase of medicines is a problem and those with social assistance the state subsidizes (approximately 2/3 of the price) one box of medicine per month. Getting medicine is a problem.
The ratio of acute to chronic diseases is 13.7% to 86.3%. (table).
Among acute diseases, the highest number of respiratory infections is 43.3%, skin infections 43.3%, gastroenteritis 8.6% and injuries 4.3%.
Chronic diseases predominate: cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease) 46.5%, lung diseases (COPD, asthma) 15.38%, NVD 15.38%, diabetes 7.7%, renal insufficiency 7.7%.
In the village of Klisura, approximately 8 km from Groznatovci, there was a well-equipped clinic that was recently closed and turned into a health station with the optional presence of a doctor for several hours once a week.
6.Health behavior of people of Groznatovci:
Alcohol is widely consumed, which is partly a consequence of culture and partly the result of a hopeless social position. Alcohol abuse has a wide range: chronic alcoholics make up 23.07%, subchronic 23.07%, occasional but frequent use of alcohol by 15.38% and an equal percentage of 15.38% of those who stopped getting drunk, while abstainers make up 23.1%.
The use of tobacco is equally widespread: 61.8% are smokers, 15.38% have stopped smoking and 22.82% are non-smokers.
Alcohol and tobacco abuse have a large share in mortality.
Excessive use of salt is common in the diet, and purchased food is increasingly replacing domestic products.
7. Mortality
During 2020, 10 people died in all three villages (one from Groznatovci): 3 as a direct or indirect consequence of alcoholism, 2 due to cancer, one from a stroke, one due to disruption of the abdominal aorta, one pneumonia.
8. Fertility
Zero
Dimitar Anakiev, dr.med, lekar opšte prakse i specijalista globalnog zdravlja
ZDRAVLJE BUGARSKE MANJINE U OPŠTINI SURDULICA
1.Uvod
U vreme Otomanske imperije (1875) teritorija današnje opštine Surdulica pripadala je bugarskoj egzarhiji i bila naseljena bugarskim stanovništvom. Nakon Berlinskog kongresa (1878) pripojena je Srbiji i stanovništvo je u narednim decenija asimilovano, ali ni danas ne govori pravilan srpski iako se izjašnjavaju kao Srbi. Ono što se danas zove „bugarska nacionalna manjina“ u opštini Surdulica to su još ne asimilovani stanovnici bugarskih Zapadnih pokrajina, pripojeni Srbiji 1920, najvećim delom iz trnskog kraja (Trnska Klisura) a zatim Božica i Topli Dol, ukupno oko 10,000 ljudi po predratnom cenzusu, naseljenih na približno 650 kv. kilometara uz bugarsku granicu. Ova tri sela sa brojnim zaseocima i cela teritorija pripojii su nakon Drugog svetskog rata bugarskoj opštini Bosilegrad ali su već 1965 godine, verovatno u cilju brže asimilacije, od nje odvojeni i pripojeni, prvo, srpskoj opštini Okruglica a zatim, 1967, srpskoj opštini Surdulica. Tako su ovi pripadnici bugarske manjine u Srbiji postali izdvojeni iz bugarskog manjinskog korpusa postavši dvostruka manjina: i u državi Srbiji, i u opštini Surdulica, čime su im znatno sužena manjinska prava, na primer na ovoj teritoriji nema dvojezičnosti tj. srpski je jedini zvanični jezik iako se u školama uči bugarski. Osnovni asimilicioni metod srpskih vlasti, pored administrativnog, bio je ukidanje ekonomske baze stanovništvu, pre svega ukidanje zemljoradničkih zadruga, što je prisililo stanovništvo na masivni migraciju prema urbanim centrima u unutrašnjosti Srbije.
2.Zdravstvena zaštita u opštini Surdulica
Prema popisu iz 2002 Surdulica je opština sa 22.190 stanovnika od kojih u samoj Surdulici živi 10.014 stanovnika dok je prirast stanovništva negativan -1.19 i ima tendenciju povećanja. Zdravstveno zbrinjavanje u opštini Surdulica odvija se na tri nivoa: tercijalnom (sanatorijum sa 100 +50 postelja), sekundarnom (opšta bolnica sa 174 postelje) i primarnim (Zdravstveni dom sa 4 ambulante i 4 zdravstvene stanice u okviru kojeg i služba HMP). Nema podataka o postojanju institucije preventivne medicine.
Na jednog lekara dolazi 284 pacijenata, ali više od 35% stanovništva opštine Surdulica po zvaničnim podacima nema nikakvu primarnu zdravstvenu zaštitu, među kojima je celokupno stanovištvo bugarske nacionalne manjine.
Hitna medicinska pomoć (HMP) na razuđenom brdsko-planinskom terenu površine oko 650 kv. km. na kojem je званично 41 naselje (10 od kojih je većinski naseljena bugarskom manjinom) i brojni zaseoci (samo Klisura ima 21 zaseok) raspolaže jednim vozilom koje se koristi i za sanitetske prevoze do udaljenih centara. Medicinsku ekipu HMP sačinjavaju dva člana: lekar i sestra, ali posle 20.00 časova lekar nije u mobilnom timu. Oprema vozila HMP je oskudna: vozilo nema kiseonik, Life Pack postoji ali je ili neispravan ili osoblje ne zna da ga koristi. Ekipa za HMP nema niti običan oksimetar, a na volju je samo jedna boca infuzije (podaci na osnovu ličnog uvida).
U celoj opštini ne postoji niti jedan defibrilator.
3.Jedno iskustvo HMP u selu Strezimirovci
Selo Strezimirovci ima oko 200 kuća ali je 1920 poodeljeno državnom granicom tako da je otprilike polovina ostala u Bugarskoj, dok je polovina sa crkvom i grobljem, pripojena Srbiji U centru sela napravljen je međunarodni granični prelaz. Ne slučajno depopulacija ovog bugarskog sela je u zadnjoj deceniji, po zvaničnim podacima Zavoda za statistiku Srbije, bila osam (8) puta brža od depopulacije srpske opštine Surdulica.
17. maja 2020 bio sam oko 8.30 pozvan da pogledam pacijentkinju u selu Strezimirovci. Kilometar i po puta između Groznatovci i Strezimirovci, prešao sam putem uraslih u trnje za 1,5 čaova i došao sav izgreban do osamdesetgodišnje pacijentkinje u teškom stanju; vidno dehidrirana zbog enterokolitisa, vitalni znaci bili su slabi: saturacija 87, krvni pritisak 85 sa 50, teško diše, teško govori, febrilna. Započnemo oralnu regidrataciju koliko možemo i pozovemo HMP kojoj je trebalo 4 sata da dođe (Od Surdulica do Strezimirovci je 40 km). U ta četiri sata čekanja pozvali smo mnoge lekare i predsednicu opštine (takođe lekar) da urgiramo da HMP dođe čim pre. Dispičar ne želi da da telefon mobilne ekipe da se povežemo sa njima. Kada je ekipa HMP stigla, u sastavu lekar i sestra, ispostavilo se da nemaju ništa od opreme za HMP, čak ni oksimetar nemaju, ne mogu da daju kiseonik. Imaju jednu bocu infuzije, koju instaliraju ali nemaju vremena da sačekaju da isteče, jer moraju da voze neke pacijente u Vranje (sanitetski taksi). Infuziju skinem ja, takođe sakupim medicinski otpad (igle, tupfere) ostavljen na stolu... Sledeći dan su došli da joj ponovo daju infuziju, ali su sa sobom poneli pogrešnu infuziju, pa su morali da se vrate.
4.Slučaj sela Groznatovci:
Selo Groznatovci nalazi se na obroncima planine Vrtop, u njemu je rođen bugarski državnik Simo Sokolov ali od njegove kuće su ostali samo temelji i nema nikakvog znamena o njemu. Na poslednjem bugarskom popisu, pre pripajanja Srbiji 1920, selo je imalo 65 kuća sa 309 stanovnika. Depopulacija sela je u zadnjoj deceniji 6,5 puta brža od depopulacije srpske opštine Surdulica u kojoj se nalazi. Na popisu iz 2011 u selu ima 21 stanovnik. Jedini kulturni objekat je škola iz 1910 koja je zapuštena i sklona padu.
Selo ima četiri mahale: Selo, Rašini, Vukovi i Rovinari. Seljani se snabdevaju vodom iz šest izvora, sve kaptaže su privatne, bez higijenskog nadzora. Jedna od kaptaža nalazi se u samom selu (mahala Rašini) pa se kod većih kiša voda zamućuje i korisnici tada koriste vodu koju dobijaju u sudovima od suseda. Najveći izvor vode, na planini Vrtop, koji se nalazi katastarski u Groznatovci, opština je prodala tajkunu iz susedne (srpske) regije za fabriku vode. Istu sudbinu dožive je izvor iz bugarskog sela Topli Dol ("Vlasinska rosa").
Do sela nema asfaltnog puta i ne dolazi nikakva komunalna služba, pojava tipična za ceo kraj Trnske klisure, otpaci se bacaju u doline reka i uvale, nema centralnu kanalizaciju već se koriste poljski WC-i ili septičke jame. Struja je dovedena u selo 1966 godina, glavni vod je danas trofazan, ali su svi priključci jednofazni. Struja često nestaje kod vremenskih nepogoda. Selo ima dva groblja, jedno zajedničko sa susednim selom Drainci (mahala Vukovi) i sva groblja su trodelna: turska, iz vremena Otomana, bugarska i romska. Turski grobovi vezani su za iskopavanje rude gvožđa iz površinskih kopova koji datiraju još iz rimskih vremena (Andaci), dok su romi bili privremeno naseljeni u mahali Rovinari i obavljali su kovačke poslove.
Administrativno selo Groznatovci spada u „Klisurski kraj“ (Trnska klisura) i deo je mesne zajednice Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci. Predsednik mesne zajednice, u nekoliko mandata, je Bugarin, iz sela Strezimirovci, trenutno član u Surdulici vladajuće Socijalističke partije Srbije, ranije član takođe vladajuće Radikalne partije. U selu Drainci postoji neformalna taksi služba koja uz malu nadoknadu vodi seljane do Surdulice i nazad 2-3 puta sedmično (klsad ima dovoljno putnika).
U selo Groznatovci naselio sam se krajem 2019 i sledećih 14 meseci obavljao dobrovoljno i bez nadoknade – po principima humanitarne medicine – medicinske konsultacije i preglede za seljane sva tri sela ove mesne zajednice a nekoliko puta išao sam i do sela Kostroševci, na putu za manastir Palja, koji je glavna kulturna znamenitost Klisurskog kraja.
U sva tri sela mesne zajednice Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci, živi po mojoj slobodnoj proceni oko pedesetak muškaraca, žene i dece. Oni poseduju 3 krave i jedno tele (sve u selu Drainci), oko 20-30 ovaca (Drainci i Strezimirovci) i trenutno, februara, jednu svinju (Groznatovci). Postoje dve prodavnice koje služe i kao kafane, ali samo jedna od njih, u Strezimirovci, radi svakodnevno i nudi širok asortiman namernica.
Za 14 meseci, u sva tri sela, obavio sam 193 lekarske konsultacije, od toga 168 u selu Groznatovci, 11 u selu Drainci i 10 u selu Strezimirovci ( i dodatnih 4 u Kostroševci). Ova disproporcija rezultat je moje lokacije: u Groznatovci, većina pacijenata nalazi se u krugu pola kilometara od lekara, a većina samo pedestak ili 100 metara, dok su pacijenti iz Drainci i Strezimirovci udaljeni prosečno 2-3 kilometara, što odgovara standardu humanitarne medicine da sa svakim 1.5 km razdaljine poseta lekaru opada za 50%. Kod većine pacijenata konsultacije sam obavio 2-3 puta, u jednom slučaju 9 puta, a u jednom slučaju obavio sam 44 medicinskih konsultacija i pregleda članovima jedne od retkih mnogoljudnih porodica.
Podaci koji slede odnose se samo na Groznatovci, i reprezentativni su za celu mesnu zajednicu Drainci-Groznatovci-Strezimirovci, a verovatno i za ceo klisurski kraj.
5.Zdravstveno stanje Groznatovčana:
Tokom 2020 godine u Groznatovci sam obavio medicinske konsultacije sa 13 pacijenata od 90 do 36 godina: među kojima 5 žena i 8 muškaraca. Od njih 6 su penzioneri (3 žene), 6 nezaposlene osobe (2 žene) i 1 zaposlena osoba (pečalbar). Penzije su u većini slučajeva 150-100 EUR (juna 2020 prosečna penzija u Srbiji bila je 237 EUR), od nezaposlenih njih 5 ne prima socijalnu pomoć, koja je 68 EUR. Živi se od privremenih poslova, većina je polukvalifikovanih ili nekvalifikovanih radnika, nezaposleni bez socijalne pomoći nemaju socijalno osiguranje, kupovina lekova je problem a onima sa socijalnom pomoći država subvencionira (približno 2/3 cene) jednu kutiju lekova na mesec, što hroničnim bolesnicima sa više lekova predstavlja problem.
Odnos akutnih prema hroničnim bolestima je 13,7% prema 86,3%. (tabela).
Među akutnim bolestima najviše je respiratornih infekcija 43,3%, kožnih infekcija 43,3%, gastroenteritis 8,6% i povrede 4,3%.
Hronične bolesti prevladavaju: kardiovaskularna oboljenja (hipertenzija, aritmije, ishemijska bolest srca) 46,5%, plućne bolesti (HOPB, astma) 15.38%, NVD 15.38%, dijabetes 7.7%, bubrežna insufencijencija 7.7%.
U selu Klisura, približno 8 km od Groznatovci postojala je dobro opremljena ambulanta koja je nedavno ukinuta i pretvorena u zdravstvenu stanicu sa fakultativnim prisustvom doktora od nekoliko sati jednom sedmično.
6.Zdravstveno ponašanje Groznatovčana:
Alkohol se široko konzumira, što je delom posledica kulture a delom rezultat bezishodnog društvenog položaja. Zloupotreba alkohola ima široku lepezu: hronični alkoločari čine 23.07%, subhronični 23.07%, povremeno ali učestalo alkohol koristi 15.38% i jednak procenat 15.38% je onih koji su prestali da se opijaju, dok ja abstinenata 23.1%.
Jednako je raširana upotreba duvana: pušača je 61.8%, 15.38% je prestalo da puši dok je nepušača 22.82.
Zloupotreba alkohola i duvana ima veliki udeo u smrtnosti.
U ishrani je česta prevelika upotreba soli a kupljena hrana sve više zamenjuje domaće proizvode.
7.Smrtnost
U toku 2020 u sva tri sela umrlo je 10 ljudi (jedan Groznatovčan): 3 kao direktna ili indirektna posledica alkoholizma, 2 zbog karcinoma, jedan od moždanog udara, jedan zbog disrupcije trbušne aorte, jedna upala pluća.
8.Rodnost
Nulta